Monday, April 12, 2010

This 1 look like my sweet nana~


I want cut this when i finish my grooming course
This 1 very cute+pretty...the eyes so big!!!


一、贵宾犬的外观标准
对于标准型、迷你型、玩具型的贵宾犬来说,各项指标的标准都是一样的,除了高度。

外形、姿态和状态

贵宾犬是很活跃、机警而且行动优雅的犬种,拥有很好的身体比例和矫健的动作,显示出一种自信的姿态。经过传统方式修剪和仔细的梳理后,贵宾犬会显 示出与生俱来的独特而又高贵的气质。

二、尺寸、比例、体型

标准型:肩高超过15英寸(38厘米)。任何一种标准型贵宾犬肩高等于或小于15英寸都会从竞赛中淘汰。

迷你型:肩高等于或小于15英寸(38厘米),高于10英寸(28厘米)。任何一种迷你型的贵宾犬超过15英寸或等于小于10英寸都会从竞赛中淘 汰。

玩具型:肩高等于或小于10英寸(28厘米)。任何一种玩具型贵宾犬超过10英寸都会从竞赛中淘汰。

区分玩具型和迷你型的唯一标准就是体形大小。

体态匀称,令人满意的外形比例应该是:从胸骨到尾部的点的长度近似于肩部最高点到地面的高度。

前腿及后腿的骨骼和肌肉都应符合犬的全身比例。

三、头部和表情

眼睛--非常黑,形状为椭圆形,眼神机灵,成为聪慧表情的重点。

主要缺陷:眼睛圆、突出,大或太浅。

耳朵--下垂的耳朵紧贴头部,耳根位置在或者低于眼睛的水平线,耳廓很长,很宽,表面上有浓密的毛覆盖。但是,耳朵的不能过分的长。

头部--小而圆,有轻微突出。鼻梁、颊骨和肌肉平滑,从枕骨到鼻梁的长度等于口鼻的长度。

口鼻--长、直且纤细,唇部不下垂。眼部下方稍凹陷。下颚大小适中,轮廓明显,不尖细。
主要缺陷:下颚不明显。

牙齿--白而坚固、呈剪状咬合。

主要缺陷:下颚突出或上颚突出,齿型不整齐。

四、颈部、背线、躯干

脖子的比例匀称,结实、修长。足以支撑头部,显出其高贵、尊严的品质。咽喉部的皮毛很软,脖子的毛很浓。由平滑的肌肉连接头部与肩部。

主要缺陷:母羊脖子。

背线是水平的,从肩胛骨的最高点到尾巴的根部既不倾斜也不成拱形。只有在肩后有一个微小的凹下。

五、躯干

胸部宽阔舒展。富有弹性的肋骨。

腰短而宽,结实、健壮,肌肉匀称。

尾巴直,位置高并且向上翘。截尾后的长度足够支持整体的平衡。

主要缺陷:位置低、卷曲,翘的过于*后。

六、前半身

强壮的,肩部的肌肉平滑、结实。肩胛骨闭合完全,长度近似于前腿上部。

主要缺陷:肩部不平、突出。

前肢直,从正面看是平行的。从侧面看,前肢位于肩的正下方。脚踝结实、狼趾可能会被剪掉。



足较小,形状成卵状,脚趾成狐状排列。脚上的肉垫厚、结实。脚趾较短,但可见。脚的方向既不朝里也不朝外。
主要缺陷:软、脚趾分开。

七、后半身

前半身平衡。

后肢直,从后面看是平行的。肌肉宽厚。后膝关节健壮、结实,曲度合适;股骨和胫骨长度相当;跗关节到脚跟距离较短,且垂直于地面。站立时,后脚趾 略超出尾部。

主要缺陷:母牛式跗关节

八、皮毛

品质--(1)粗毛:自然的粗糙的质地,皮毛非常浓密。

(2)软毛:紧凑、平滑垂下、长度不一。在胸部、身体、头部和耳朵比较长。关节部位的毛发相对短而蓬松。

十、修剪

不满12个月的贵宾犬常被修饰成幼犬形。在通常的分类标准里,满12个月或大于12个月的犬必须修剪成"英格兰鞍型"或"欧陆"型。种犬和参加非 竞争性展示可被修剪成猎犬型。其它任何型的都会被淘汰出竞赛。

幼犬型--不足一岁的贵宾犬可能被修剪为留有长毛的幼犬型。这种形态的犬要修剪面部、喉部、脚部和尾巴下部的毛。修剪后的整个脚部清晰可见,尾部 被修饰成绒球状。为了使其外形整洁、优雅,保证其流畅的视觉效果,允许适当修饰全身的皮毛

"英格兰鞍型"--英格兰鞍型犬的面部、喉部、前肢和尾巴底部的毛需要修剪。修剪后,前肢的关节处留有一些毛,尾巴的末梢被修剪成绒球状。后半身 除了身体两侧和两条后腿上各留出两片弧形的修饰过的皮毛外,其余部分全部剪短,修剪后可露出整个脚部,前肢关节以上的部分也清晰可见。其它部分的皮毛可以 不用修剪,但为了保证贵宾犬整体的平衡,可以适当修整。




"欧陆型"--修剪面部、喉部、脚和尾巴底部。犬的后半身在臀部被修剪成绒球状,其余剪净。修剪后,整个脚部和前腿关节处以上的部位都露了出来。 身体其它部分的皮毛可以不用修剪,但为保持整体的平衡,可以适当修整。

"猎犬型"--在猎犬型贵宾犬的修剪中,面部、脚部、喉部和尾巴底部得到修剪,只留下一团剪齿状的帽型皮毛,尾巴底部也被修饰成绒球状。为了使整 个身体轮廓清晰流畅,躯干的其它部分包括四肢的毛应不超过一英寸,四肢的毛可以比躯干的毛略长。

在所有形态的修剪中,头部的毛发可以留成自然状或用橡皮筋扎起来。只有头部的毛发长度相当时,犬才能显出流畅完美的外观。"头饰"仅指头骨,即鼻 梁至枕骨这部分的毛发,只有在这个部位,橡皮筋才有用武之地。

十一、颜色

毛色均匀、一致。贵宾犬有青灰色、灰色、银白色、褐色、咖啡色、杏色和奶油色,同一种颜色也会有不同的深浅。通常是耳朵和颈部的毛色深一些。通体 同色为上品,但毛色中自然的深浅变化也不视为缺陷。褐色和咖啡色的贵宾犬通常有着肝褐色的鼻子、眼眶、嘴唇、深色的脚趾甲和深琥珀色的眼睛。而黑色、青灰 色、灰色、银白色、奶油色和白色的贵宾犬通常有黑色的鼻子、眼眶和嘴唇,黑色或本色的脚趾甲和深色的眼睛。而杏色的犬拥有上述的这些颜色都还不错,如果是 肝褐色的鼻子、眼眶、嘴唇和琥珀色的眼睛也可以,但已不是上品。

主要缺陷:鼻子、嘴唇和眼眶颜色不一致;或这些部份的颜色与犬全身颜色不协调。

杂色的犬都会被淘汰出竞赛。所谓杂色即其身上的毛色并非均匀、一致,而是由两种或两种以上的颜色组成。

十二、步态

向前小跑时,步伐轻快有力,主要依*后肢发力。头部高昂,尾巴上翘。步态的稳健有力是此项关键。

性情

姿态高傲,非常灵敏、聪慧、自信。贵宾犬拥有非凡的气质和独特的尊严。

主要缺陷:害羞或是凶猛。

主要缺陷:

任何明显不符合上述的特点都可认为是此种犬的缺陷。

淘汰标准

尺寸--不足或超出规定标准。

修剪--任何不符合上述修剪标准的将被淘汰出竞赛。

杂色--全身毛色并非均匀、一致,而是由两种或两种以上的颜色组成。杂色的犬通常都会被淘汰出竞赛。




Toy Group:马尔济斯Maltese










[马尔济斯犬的历史]


  英国亨利八世时马尔济斯犬已在英国流行了,并成为宫廷夫人的心爱小犬。1877年作为马尔济斯狮子犬首次在美国展 出。1879年一条有色犬作为马耳济司绠展出。1888年美国养犬俱乐部登记了马尔济斯犬。
   许多世纪以来,马尔济斯犬就是有文化的,是有钱人和口味高的人的家庭宠物,可能就因为马尔济斯犬具有文雅、忠诚和爱清洁等品质的原因。马尔济斯犬对运动 的要求很低,对儿童特别友好,具有良好的体质而长寿(可活14-16年,有时可活18年以上)。它态度高贵、聪明(有时甚至是狡猾)。而且非常依恋它的主 人。如果有兴趣拥有一条非常美丽的小犬而不是一条有实际用途的犬,马尔济斯犬是合适的选择。
  马尔济斯犬虽然不需要太大的空间,但要求精心照 顾,每天必须彻底地梳理刷净它的长毛。这种犬不脱毛。但它毛长及地往往带进屋内许多污物,尤其是在阴雨天。由于它对潮湿很敏感,阴雨天每次外出后都必须擦 干吹干,因此不适合不能花时间做这些事的人。


[马尔济斯犬的简介]
马尔济斯犬是从头到脚披着白色丝状长毛的玩具犬。它的态度文雅而深情、热切而行动活泼,尽管体型小却具有令人满意的作为伴侣犬所需的精力。马尔济斯犬是温 和 的小犬,全家的宠物。可以放心地让它与儿童玩耍。通常健康良好,一直到生命晚期仍生气勃勃。马尔济斯犬最古老的欧洲玩赏犬之一。但是肯定马尔济斯犬的原产 地是马耳他岛,却引起了一系列的异议, 虽然这种犬在该岛无疑已有许多世纪了。

[马尔济斯犬的头部]


与体形大小相比长度 适中。颅顶部略呈圆形,额鼻阶适度。下垂耳位较低,有大量长毛形成耳缘饰毛,毛下垂至头。眼距极宽,眼色极深而呈圆形,其黑色眼边增强了文雅而机敏的表 情。吻长适中,精巧而逐渐收缩但不显长吻状。鼻黑色。牙齿钳状咬合或剪状咬合。

[马尔济斯犬的颈部]


最好有充分长度以便头能高昂。

[马尔济斯犬的躯干]


紧凑,肩高等于肩峰至尾根长。肩胛斜位,肘部结实并紧贴躯干。 背线平, 肋骨扩张良好。 胸相当深, 腰紧而强, 下面略收腹。

[马尔济斯犬的尾巴]


尾有长羽状饰毛,优美地位于背上,尾尖向体侧超过1/4。

[马尔济斯犬的腿与脚]


腿骨纤细,有良好的饰毛。前腿直,掌节结实,不见弯曲。后腿强健,膝关节和飞节角度适当。脚小而圆,趾垫黑色。脚上参差不齐的毛可修剪使之更整洁。

[马尔济斯犬的被毛和颜色]


单层被毛,即无绒毛层。被毛长、平而呈丝状,向体侧下垂及地。头部长毛可用头饰扎住或任其下垂。任何缠纹、卷曲或毛茸茸状迹象都是要不得的。毛色纯白,允 许耳部有淡黄褐色或柠檬色,但不是最好的。


[马尔济斯犬的体型]


体重小于7磅,比较理想的体重为4~6磅。但整体品质比体重重要。

[马尔济斯犬的步态]


马尔济斯犬的步态轻快、平稳而流畅、侧观,按体形大小考虑,给人以运动迅速的印象。后腿"X"(飞节向内靠而后脚趾向外)或后脚趾内向或外向的任何迹象都 算缺点

[马尔济斯犬的气质]


尽管马尔济斯犬体型极小,但却似乎不知道害怕。它的自信和有感情的反应性是很诱人的。它是所有小犬中态度最温和的,但它又是活泼爱玩和生气勃勃的。


[马尔济斯犬的优劣]


体重不要超过6斤,毛色纯白,允许耳部有淡黄褐色或柠檬色,但不是
最好的。

Wednesday, April 7, 2010

Hound Group:Ibizan Hound(依比沙猎犬)


Wire-haired Ibizan Hound


wire-haired Ibizan Hound

Short -haired
They have big and straight ears




[简介]
依比沙猎犬轮廓鲜明,
大而直立的耳朵,明快的颜色是他独特的外貌特征。他最初是一种捕猎兔子的追踪犬,这种古老的猎犬被培养出来,已经有数千年了,这些能 力十分重要。柔软而适合奔跑的身体,依比沙猎犬作为一个猎人,拥有象鹿一样的气质,结合了优雅和力量。除了耳朵,身上没有过分或夸张的部位。在旷野上,依 比沙猎犬与其他高速奔跑的品种跑的一样快,但没有他们那样活泼,高高跃起或跳过很宽的距离。他有能力从静止状态跃起很高的距离。

[体型]

尺寸:雄性肩高约23.5~27.5英寸;雌性肩高约22.5~26英寸。在此范围内,没有特别偏爱的尺寸。如果其他品质都很好,肩高略微超出一些或不足 一些,不属于缺陷。体重:雄性的平均体重微50磅;雌性的平均体重为45磅。比例:体长略大于身高。体质:依比沙猎犬的骨骼整洁、精致,肌肉结实,但平 坦,没有任何沉重的迹象。

[头部]

长而窄,象在根部被切断的锥形。轮廓线条精致,且极度干燥(无松弛的皮肤)。

[表情]

依比沙猎犬看起来象鹿,很文雅。眼睛:小而倾斜,颜色范围从清晰的琥珀色到焦糖色。眼圈和鼻镜的色素沉积充分或部分着色。眼神聪明、警惕、好奇。耳朵: 大,直立,且自然。警惕时,耳朵决不下垂、弯曲、或折叠。高度灵活,耳朵能根据心情,向前转,向侧面转,甚至折向后面。警惕时,耳根最低点与眼睛在同一水 平。在前面检查,耳朵的高度大约为耳根宽度的2.5倍。

[脑袋]

长而平坦,后枕骨突出,止部轻微;眉毛窄。口吻长,精致,苗条,有非常轻微的罗马鼻。从眼睛到鼻镜的距离与从眼睛到后枕骨的距离相同。口吻与脑袋的轮廓相 互平行。鼻镜突出,延伸到超出下颚的地方。鼻镜颜色为玫瑰红,而不是黑色或肝色,与被毛颜色相配。色素沉积完全,或呈蝴蝶状。鼻孔张开。嘴唇:薄而紧,眼 睛与鼻镜一致。上唇紧而干燥。咬和:牙齿为完美的剪状咬和,结实且位置很好。

[颈部、背线、身躯]

颈部:长,苗条,轻微地圆拱,且结实,但肌肉平坦。背线:从耳朵到尾巴,都是平滑、流畅的。后背:平而直。身躯:胸部长而深,胸骨角度锐利而突出。肋骨略 有弹性。胸骨深度大约在肘部上方2.5英寸的位置。胸部最深的位置在肋骨后方,接近或达到肋骨的深度。腹部上提,但不过分。腰部:非常轻微的圆拱,中等宽 度,且肌肉发达。臀部:非常轻微的倾斜。尾巴:位置低,高度灵活,至少延伸到飞节。呈镰刀状、环状或马刀状举着,根据其心情和个体差异而不同。

[前躯]

角度:适中。肩胛:有弹性,但决不松懈,马肩隆的宽度中等。肩胛骨向后倾斜。在肩胛骨末端,与接近垂直的上臂骨衔接。肘部的位置比胸部最深处的位置要靠 前。控制性良好,但对动作没有太多的制约。腿:前腿非常长,结实,,直且靠近。贴着胸部,并以垂直于地面的直线延伸下去。骨骼整洁而精致。胶骨结实而柔 韧,略微倾斜,肌腱清晰。狼爪:是否切除是可选的。足爪:兔足。脚趾长,紧凑而结实。脚趾间的缝隙有毛发保护。脚垫经久耐用。趾甲是白色的。

[后躯]

角度适中,后躯位于身体下方。腿:大腿非常结实,且肌肉平坦。从后面观察,飞节直。骨骼整洁、精致。无后狼爪。足爪:与前肢相同。

[被毛]

有两种被毛类型;都不能修剪。短毛型:头部和耳朵的毛发最短,尾巴下面和大腿后面的毛发最长。刚毛型:毛发长度为1~3英寸,可能有很多触须。有较多的毛 发位于背部、大腿后面和尾巴。两种被毛类型的毛发的质地都很硬,两种毛发类型一视同仁。

[颜色]

白色和红色(从浅色的带黄色的红,被称为“狮子色”到深红色),单色或以任何方式组合。没有任何一种式样是最好的,所有式样都一视同仁。失格:除了红色或 白色以外的任何颜色。


[步态]

有效的、轻盈的、优美的单一轨迹的动作。小跑时如同悬浮着,从侧面观察,关节弯曲。依比沙猎犬的前躯伸展非常平顺,后躯驱动非常平稳,给人的印象就象是在 地面漂浮。

[气质]

依比沙猎犬的性格冷静,友善而忠诚。极端的多才多艺且可塑性强,他能成为很好的家庭宠物,或犬展上的优秀选手,服从、追踪和追赶猎物。在原野上,他显示出 热情和天生的捕猎本能,具有极大的毅力,且非常果敢。

[失格]

除了红色或白色以外的任何颜色。

Hound Group:法老王猎犬(Pharaoh Hound)AKC标准及介绍





历史

原产地马耳他(Egypt),起源于公元前1000年。

法老王猎犬是最古老的犬种之一,一般认为源自埃及。早在四千年前,在古埃及画像中就出现了样貌极其类似的犬种,而在古埃及的文献,甚至 象形文字中,也可找到它们的踪迹。它们一度是历代古埃及王的宠儿。公元前十四世纪的埃及国王图腾哈门(Tutankhamen)偏爱一头法老王猎犬,甚至狗死以后,他命令将爱犬以上等的亚麻布包裹,搽上香膏等放进棺木里,好让它在神的面前取得荣耀。可以想像 法老王猎犬当时尊贵的地位。其后法老王猎犬被腓尼基商人带到马尔他岛,虽然经过二千多年的繁殖和演变,现今这犬种仍保留其原始种性和埃及祖先的样貌。在马 尔他,法老王猎犬成为猎兔的能手,因此它们又被称为猎兔犬。一九七九年,马尔他政府更宣告这犬种成为国犬,并发行刻有其肖像的银币作纪念。一九六八年被引 进到英国,一九八三年美国样狗人俱乐部(AKC)正式予以承认。法老王猎犬的一大特色,莫过 于一双漂亮的琥珀色眼睛,当它们开心或兴奋的时候,鼻子和耳朵会转为深玫瑰色,怪不得在古埃及时代的一封信中,对它们有这样的形容:它们脸上泛起红光,犹 如神一样。凭着本身的高速、机警的头脑、敏捷的身手,加上锐敏的眼力和嗅觉,法老王猎犬是出色狩猎能手


[法老王猎犬简介]

整体外观优雅,有力,速度快。法老王猎犬是一种中型犬,血统高贵,轮廓鲜明,线条优美。动作非常平稳、迅速、舒展、轻松,表情警惕。下面所描述的是一个理 想的法老王猎犬。任何背离下面所描述的特征的地方都属于缺陷,并需要根据别离的程度扣分。

[法老王猎犬的体型]

肩高:雄性约为 23~25英寸;雌性约为21~24英寸。必须保证整体的平衡。身体的长度(从前胸骨到臀骨的距离)略大于肩高。身体柔韧。

[法老王猎犬的头部]

表情警惕。眼睛:琥珀色(amber eye),与被毛颜色相称,卵形,位置略深,眼神锐利而聪明。耳朵:位置为中等高度,警惕时,耳朵直立,但非常灵活,耳根部宽,耳朵大而细 腻。脑袋:长,倾斜,且轮廓分明。止部轻微。前脸的长度略大于脑袋,脑袋的轮廓与口吻平行,头部呈钝楔形。鼻镜:肉色,与被毛颜色相称,没有其他颜色。咬 和:有力的颌部,结实的牙齿。呈剪状咬和。

[法老王猎犬的颈部、背线、身躯]

颈部:长,倾斜,肌肉发达,轻微地圆拱,使头部高高昂起。喉咙线条整洁。背线:差不多是笔直的。从臀部处到尾根处略微倾斜。身躯:柔韧,胸深差不多达到肘 部。肋骨支撑良好。适度上提。尾巴:位置适中,根部相当粗,尖端细,象鞭子一样,休息时下垂,延伸到飞节处。运动时,尾巴举起,且弯曲。尾巴不能夹在两腿 中间。螺丝状(srew tail) 的尾巴属于缺陷。

[法老王猎犬的前躯]

肩胛:长而向后倾斜。结实但没有抗肩膀。肘部:角度恰当。前腿:直而彼此平行。骹骨结实。狼爪可以被切除。足爪:既不是猫足、也不是兔足,但很结实;关节 发达且稳固,既不向内弯,也不向外翻。脚垫厚实。

[法老王猎犬的后躯]

结实而肌肉发达。后肢彼此平行。膝关节适度后掠,第二节大腿清晰。狼爪可以切除,足爪与前肢相同。

[法老王猎犬的被毛]

短而有光泽,从细腻而紧贴身体到略显粗糙都可以,没有饰毛。由于事故而形成的疤痕不属于缺陷。

[法老王猎犬的颜色]

从鲜艳的褐色到栗色都允许,允许出现的白色斑纹如下:白色的尾巴尖是十分理想的。胸前出现白色斑纹(称为 "星斑")。白色足爪或在脸部中间出现白筋是允许的。斑点或其他白色斑纹则不合需要,在颈部背面、肩部、背部或身体两侧的部分区域有纯白色斑块,则属于失 格。

[法老王猎犬的步态]

舒展、流畅;头部保持高高昂起的姿势,步幅相当大,而没有任何吃力的迹象。腿和足爪在与身体行进方相同方向的直线上运动。足爪向侧面甩动或抬腿太高(马步 姿势)都属于明确的缺陷。

[法老王猎犬的气质]

聪明、友善、感情丰富,且顽皮。警惕而活跃,非常忠实而敏锐的猎犬,视觉和嗅觉都很好。

[法老王猎犬的失格]

在颈部背面、肩部、背部或身体两侧的部分区域有纯白色斑块,则属于失格。

Tuesday, April 6, 2010

Working Group:萨摩耶犬Samoyed AKC标准及介绍











(a)萨摩犬简介

萨摩犬,原本是一种工作犬,常出现在美丽的图画中。机警、有力、非常活泼、高贵而文雅。由于萨摩耶犬是在寒冷地区的工作犬,所以他拥有非常浓厚的、能抵御 各种气候条件的被毛。良好的修饰、非常好的毛发质地比毛发数量更重要,雄性的“围脖”比雌性更浓厚一些。他的后背不能太长,软弱的后背使他无法胜任其正常 的工作,失去了工作犬的价值,但与此同时,太紧凑的身体对一种拖曳犬来说,也非常的不利。繁殖者应该采取折中方案,身体不长但肌肉发达,允许例外;胸部非 常深;且肋骨扩张良好;颈部结实;前躯直而腰部非常结实。雄性外貌显得雄壮,而没有不必要的攻击性;雌性的外貌或构造显得娇柔但气质上不显得软弱。雌性的 后背也许比雄性略长一些。他们的外观都显得具有极大的耐力,但不显粗糙。由于胸很深,所以腿部要有足够的长度,一条腿很短的狗是非常不受欢迎的。后臀显得 非常发达,后膝关节适度倾斜,而且后膝关节存在任何问题或牛肢都将受到严厉的处罚。整体外观还包括了动作和整体结构,应该显得平衡和谐,体质非常好。

(b)体质
体质是具有充足的骨量和肌肉,相对这样尺寸的狗,骨骼比预想的要粗重的多,但也不能太过分,而影响了灵活性和速度,这在萨摩犬的构造中非常重要,骨骼与身 体比例恰当。萨摩犬的骨量不能太大而显得笨拙,骨量也不能太小,看起来象赛跑犬。体重与高度比例恰当。

(c)高度
雄性:21~23.5英寸;雌性:19~21英寸。任何太大或太小的萨摩犬都要按照背离的程度进行扣分。
(d)被毛(质地和状态)
萨摩犬拥有双层被毛,身体上覆盖一层短、浓密、柔软、絮状、紧贴皮肤的底毛,披毛是透过底毛的较粗较长的毛发,披毛直立在身体表面,决不能卷曲。披毛围绕 颈部和肩部形成“围脖”(雄性比雌性要多一些)。毛发的质量关系到能否抵御各种气候,所以质量比数量要重要。下垂的被毛是不受欢迎的。被毛应该闪烁着银 光。雌性的被毛通常没有大多数雄性那么长,而且质地要软一些。

(e)颜色

萨摩犬的颜色为纯白色;白色带很浅的浅棕色、奶酪色;整体为浅棕色。此外其他颜色都属于失格。

[萨摩耶的动作]

(a)步态
萨摩犬的步态为小跑,不是踱步。他的动作轻快、灵活,步伐有节奏。步态舒展、平稳、有力,前躯伸展充分、后躯驱动有力。小跑时,后体驱动力非常强大。缓慢 行进或小跑时,足迹不重叠,当速度增加时,脚垫向内收缩,最后,足迹落在身体中心线下,后肢足迹落在前肢的足迹上,后肢向前滑动。膝关节既不向内弯,也不 向外翻。后背保持坚固、坚实、水平。起伏不定的、呆板不自然的步态属于缺陷。

(b)后肢
第一节大腿非常发达,后膝关节角度恰当(约与地面成45度角)。飞节非常发达、清晰,位置在身高的30%。在自然站立的姿势下,从后面观察,后腿彼此平 行,后腿结实;非常发达;既不向内弯、也不向外翻。后膝关节太直属于缺陷。双倍接缝或牛肢也都属于缺陷。只有在有机会看到狗充分运动的情况下才能确定其是 否有牛肢。

(c)前肢
前肢(脚腕以上)直、彼此平行;脚腕结实、坚固、直,但相当的柔韧,配合具有弹性的足爪。由于胸部较深,所以前肢要有足够的长度,从地面到肘部的距离约占 肩高的55%,一条腿很短的狗是非常不受欢迎的。肩胛长而倾斜,向后倾斜约45度角,且位置稳固。肩胛或肘部向外翻属于缺陷。马肩隆分开约1~1.5英 寸。

(d)足爪
足爪长、大、有点平(象兔足),脚趾略微展开,但不能张的太开;脚趾圆拱;脚垫厚实、坚硬,脚趾间有保护性毛发。自然站立的姿态下,足爪既不向内弯也不向 外翻,但是略略向内弯一点会更有吸引力。脚趾外翻、鸽子脚、圆形足爪(猫足)都属于缺陷。足爪上的羽状饰毛不是重点,但一般雌性饰毛比雄性要丰富一些。

[萨摩耶的头部]

(a)构造

脑袋呈楔形、宽、头顶略凸、但不圆拱或象苹果头,两耳与止部中心点呈等边三角形。口吻:中等长度、中等宽度,既不粗糙、也不过长,向鼻镜方向略呈锥形,与 整体大小及脑袋的宽度成正确的比例。口吻必须深,胡须不必去除。止部:不生硬,但很清晰。嘴唇:黑色,嘴角略向上翘,形成具有特色的“萨摩式微笑”。唇线 不显得粗糙,也没有过度下垂的上唇。

萨摩耶犬的耳朵

耳朵结实而厚;直立;三角形且尖端略圆;不能太大或太尖,也不能太小(象熊耳朵)。耳朵的大小是根据头部的尺寸和整体大小确定。它们之间距离分的比较开, 靠近头部外缘,它们应该显得灵活;被许多毛发覆盖着,毛发丰满,但耳朵前面没有。耳朵的长度应该与耳根内侧到外眼角的距离一致。

萨摩耶犬的眼睛
眼睛颜色深一些比较好,位置分的较开,且深;杏仁状;下眼睑指向耳根。深色眼圈比较理想。圆眼睛或突出的眼睛属于缺陷;兰眼睛属于失格。

萨摩耶犬的鼻子
黑色最理想,但棕色、肝色、炭灰色也可以接受。有时,鼻镜的颜色会随着年龄、气候的变化而改变。

萨摩耶犬的颚部和牙齿
结实、整齐的牙齿,剪状咬和。上颚突出式咬和或下颚突出式咬和属于缺陷。

(b)萨摩耶犬的表情
表情为“萨摩表情”,这一点非常重要,主要指在萨摩犬警惕时或决心干点什么的时候,其闪亮的眼神、和热烈的脸庞。其表情由眼睛、耳朵和嘴构成,警惕时,耳 朵直立、嘴略向嘴角弯曲,形成“萨摩式微笑”。

[萨摩耶的躯干]

(a)萨摩耶犬的颈部

结实、肌肉发达,骄傲地昂起,立正时,在倾斜的肩上支撑着高贵的头部。颈部与肩结合,形成优美的拱形。

(b)萨摩耶犬的胸部

胸深,肋骨从脊柱向外扩张,到两侧变平,不影响肩部动作且前肢能自由运动。不能是桶状胸。理想的深度应该达到肘部,最深的部分应该在前肢后方,约第九条肋 骨的位置。胸腔内的心脏和肺能得到身体的保护,胸的深度大于宽度。

(c)萨摩耶犬的腰和背

马肩隆为背部最高点,腰部结实而略拱。后背从(马肩隆到腰)直,中等长度,连接既不太长、也不太短。其身体的比例为“接近正方形”,即长度比高度约多出 5%。雌性可能比雄性更长一些。腹部肌肉紧绷,形状良好,与后胸连成优美的曲线(收腹)。臀部略斜,丰满,必须延伸到非常轻微的尾根。

[萨摩耶的尾巴]
尾巴长度适中,如果尾巴下垂,尾骨的长度应该能延伸到飞节。尾巴上覆盖着长长的毛发,警惕时会卷到后背上,或卷向一侧,当休息时,有时尾巴会放下。位置不 能太高或太低,应该灵活、松弛。不能紧卷在背后,卷两圈属于缺陷。裁判在评判时,必须看到萨摩将尾巴卷到后背一次。

[萨摩耶的气质]
聪明、文雅、忠诚、适应性强、警惕、活跃、热中于服务,友善但保守。不能迟疑或羞怯,不过分好斗,无理由的好斗是要受到严厉处罚的。

[萨摩耶犬的失格]
除了白色、奶酪色、浅棕色或白色带浅棕色外的其他颜色。
兰眼睛。

COPY FROM BAIDU.COM

(a) General Appearance - The Samoyed, being essentially a working dog, should present a picture of beauty, alertness and strength, with agility, dignity and grace. As his work lies in cold climates, his coat should be heavy and weather-resistant, well groomed, and of good quality rather then quantity. The male carries more of a \"ruff\" than the female. He should not be long in the back as a weak back would make him practically useless for his legitimate work, but at the same time, a close-coupled body would also place him at a great disadvantage as a draft dog. Breeders should aim for the happy medium, a body not long but muscular, allowing liberty, with a deep chest and well-sprung ribs, strong neck, straight front and especially strong loins. Males should be masculine in appearance and deportment without unwarranted aggressiveness; bitches feminine without weakness of structure or apparent softness of temperament. Bitches may be slightly longer in back than males. They should both give the appearance of being capable of great endurance but be free from coarseness. Because of the depth of chest required, the legs should be moderately long. A very short-legged dog is to be deprecated. Hindquarters should be particularly well developed, stifles well bent and any suggestion of unsound stifles or cowhocks severely penalized. General appearance should include movement and general conformation, indicating balance and good substance.

(b) Substance - Substance is that sufficiency of bone and muscle which rounds out a balance with the frame. The bone is heavier than would be expected in a dog of this size but not so massive as to prevent the speed and agility most desirable in a Samoyed. In all builds, bone should be in proportion to body size. The Samoyed should never be so heavy as to appear clumsy nor so light as to appear racy. The weight should be in proportion to the height.

(c) Height - Males--21 to 23½ inches; females--19 to 21 inches at the withers. An oversized or undersized Samoyed is to be penalized according to the extent of the deviation.

(d) Coat (Texture and Condition) - The Samoyed is a doublecoated dog. The body should be well covered with an undercoat of soft, short, thick, close wool with longer and harsh hair growing through it to form the outer coat, which stands straight out from the body and should be free from curl. The coat should form a ruff around the neck and shoulders, framing the head (more on males than on females). Quality of coat should be weather resistant and considered more than quantity. A droopy coat is undesirable. The coat should glisten with a silver sheen. The female does not usually carry as long a coat as most males and it is softer in texture.

(e) Color - Samoyeds should be pure white, white and biscuit, cream, or all biscuit. Any other colors disqualify.

Movement

(a) Gait - The Samoyed should trot, not pace. He should move with a quick agile stride that is well timed. The gait should be free, balanced and vigorous, with good reach in the forequarters and good driving power in the hindquarters. When trotting, there should be a strong rear action drive. Moving at a slow walk or trot, they will not single-track, but as speed increases the legs gradually angle inward until the pads are finally falling on a line directly under the longitudinal center of the body. As the pad marks converge the forelegs and hind legs are carried straight forward in traveling, the stifles not turned in nor out. The back should remain strong, firm and level. A choppy or stilted gait should be penalized.

(b) Rear End - Upper thighs should be well developed. Stifles well bent-approximately 45 degrees to the ground. Hocks should be well developed, sharply defined and set at approximately 30 percent of hip height. The hind legs should be parallel when viewed from the rear in a natural stance, strong, well developed, turning neither in nor out. Straight stifles are objectionable. Double-jointedness or cowhocks are a fault. Cowhocks should only be determined if the dog has had an opportunity to move properly.

(c) Front End - Legs should be parallel and straight to the pasterns. The pasterns should be strong, sturdy and straight, but flexible with some spring for proper let-down of feet. Because of depth of chest, legs should be moderately long. Length of leg from the ground to the elbow should be approximately 55 per cent of the total height at the withers-a very short-legged dog is to be deprecated. Shoulders should be long and sloping, with a layback of 45 degrees and be firmly set. Out at the shoulders or out at the elbows should be penalized. The withers separation should be approximately 1-1½ inches.

(d) Feet - Large, long, flattish-a hare-foot, slightly spread but not splayed; toes arched; pads thick and tough, with protective growth of hair between the toes. Feet should turn neither in nor out in a natural stance but may turn in slightly in the act of pulling. Turning out, pigeon-toed, round or cat-footed or splayed are faults. Feathers on feet are not too essential but are more profuse on females than on males

Head
(a) Conformation - Skull is wedge-shaped, broad, slightly crowned, not round or apple-headed, and should form an equilateral triangle on lines between the inner base of the ears and the central point of the stop. Muzzle--Muzzle of medium length and medium width, neither coarse nor snipy; should taper toward the nose and be in proportion to the size of the dog and the width of skull. The muzzle must have depth. Whiskers are not to be removed. Stop--Not too abrupt, nevertheless well defined. Lips--Should be black for preference and slightly curved up at the corners of the mouth, giving the \"Samoyed smile.\" Lip lines should not have the appearance of being coarse nor should the flews drop predominately at corners of the mouth. Ears--Strong and thick, erect, triangular and slightly rounded at the tips; should not be large or pointed, nor should they be small and \"bear-eared.\" Ears should conform to head size and the size of the dog; they should be set well apart but be within the border of the outer edge of the head; they should be mobile and well covered inside with hair; hair full and stand-off before the ears. Length of ear should be the same measurement as the distance from inner base of ear to outer corner of eye. Eyes--Should be dark for preference; should be placed well apart and deep-set; almond shaped with lower lid slanting toward an imaginary point approximately the base of ears. Dark eye rims for preference. Round or protruding eyes penalized. Blue eyes disqualifying. Nose--Black for preference but brown, liver, or Dudley nose not penalized. Color of nose sometimes changes with age and weather. Jaws and Teeth--Strong, well-set teeth, snugly overlapping with scissors bite. Undershot or overshot should be penalized.

(b) Expression - The expression, referred to as \"Samoyed expression,\" is very important and is indicated by sparkle of the eyes, animation and lighting up of the face when alert or intent on anything. Expression is made up of a combination of eyes, ears and mouth. The ears should be erect when alert; the mouth should be slightly curved up at the corners to form the \"Samoyed smile.\"
Torso

(a) Neck - Strong, well muscled, carried proudly erect, set on sloping shoulders to carry head with dignity when at attention. Neck should blend into shoulders with a graceful arch.

(b) Chest - Should be deep, with ribs well sprung out from the spine and flattened at the sides to allow proper movement of the shoulders and freedom for the front legs. Should not be barrel-chested. Perfect depth of chest approximates the point of elbows, and the deepest part of the chest should be back of the forelegs-near the ninth rib. Heart and lung room are secured more by body depth than width.

(c) Loin and Back - The withers forms the highest part of the back. Loins strong and slightly arched. The back should be straight to the loin, medium in length, very muscular and neither long nor short-coupled. The dog should be \"just off square\"--the length being approximately 5 per cent more than the height. Females allowed to be slightly longer than males. The belly should be well shaped and tightly muscled and, with the rear of the thorax, should swing up in a pleasing curve (tuck-up). Croup must be full, slightly sloping, and must continue imperceptibly to the tail root.
Tail - The tail should be moderately long with the tail bone terminating approximately at the hock when down. It should be profusely covered with long hair and carried forward over the back or side when alert, but sometimes dropped when at rest. It should not be high or low set and should be mobile and loose -- not tight over the back. A double hook is a fault. A judge should see the tail over the back once when judging.
Disposition - Intelligent, gentle, loyal, adaptable, alert, full of action, eager to serve, friendly but conservative, not distrustful or shy, not overly aggressive. Unprovoked aggressiveness is to be severely penalized.

Disqualification
Any color other than pure white, cream, biscuit, or white and biscuit.
Blue eyes.

Non-sporting:美国爱斯基摩犬(American Eskimo Dog)AKC标准






美国爱斯基摩犬,一种深情的伴侣犬,显得有力而敏捷,警惕而美丽。是一种小体型到中等体型的典型的北欧犬种,总是白色,或白色带有小块奶酪色。美国 爱斯基摩犬结构紧凑且非常匀称,体质良好,具有警惕、平顺的步态。

典型的北欧脸型,三角形的直立的耳朵,与众不同的黑色点(黑色嘴唇、鼻镜、眼圈)。白色 的双层被毛由短而浓密的底毛和长长的外层披毛组成,披毛的毛发穿过底毛,笔直的,没有任何卷曲或波浪状。颈部周围和胸部的被毛长而浓厚,形成象狮子那样的 鬃毛,在雄性身上比在雌性身上更为明显。从臀部到大腿,向下到飞节的位置,一样覆盖着长而浓厚的被毛,形成了特殊的所谓“马裤”。覆盖着羽状饰毛的尾巴松 散地卷在背后。

[美国爱斯基摩犬体型]

尺寸:美国爱斯基摩犬有三种尺寸类型(尺寸是指肩高):玩具型,9英寸~12英寸(包括12英寸); 迷你,12英寸~15英寸(包 括15英寸);标准型, 15~19英寸(包括19英寸)。在这三种尺寸范围内,没有特别的偏爱。失格:低于9英寸或高于19英寸。

比例:体长(从肩胛骨最前端到臀部末端的距离) 略大于肩高,比例大约为1.1:1。体质:美国爱斯基摩犬结实,且结构紧凑,有足够的骨量。

[美国爱斯基摩犬的头部]

表情敏锐,聪明而且警惕。眼睛:不过分圆,而是略呈卵形。眼睛的位置分地比较开,而且不倾斜,突出或鼓起。泪痕,除非非常严重,否 则不属于缺陷。对泪痕的注意程度不应该超过对类型、结构和气质的注意程度。深褐色或中等褐色的眼睛是首选的。眼圈的颜色是黑色或深褐色。睫毛是白色的。

缺 陷:琥珀色眼睛或粉红色眼圈。失格:兰色眼睛。

耳朵:与头部的尺寸相称,三角形,耳尖略钝,保持直立。位置高且距离很宽,柔和地融入头部。脑袋:略呈冠 状,柔和的楔形,耳朵间具有最大宽度。止部非常清晰,但不很陡峭。口吻:相当宽,但长度绝对不能超过脑袋的长度,虽然它可能略短。鼻镜:色素沉积为黑色或 深褐色。嘴唇薄而紧密,颜色为黑色或深褐色。

缺陷:粉红色鼻镜或粉红色嘴唇。颌部非常结实,牙齿整齐而完整。剪状咬和或钳状咬和。

[美国爱斯基摩犬的颈 部、背线、身躯]

颈部的姿势是骄傲地竖立着,位置恰当,中等长度,呈结实,优美的圆弧形。背线水平。美国爱斯基摩犬的身躯结实而紧凑,但不能象小马 一样。胸部深而宽,肋骨支撑良好。胸部的深度大致能延伸到肘关节。腹部在肋骨后方略微上提。后背直、宽、水平、且肌肉发达。腰部结实而肌肉发达。美国爱斯 基摩犬的接合既不太长,也不太短。尾巴的位置稍高,如果向下垂,能延伸到飞节。尾巴的姿势是松散地卷在背后,但休息时也许会放下来。

[美国爱斯基摩犬的前 躯]

前躯角度恰当。肩胛位置稳固,有足够的肌肉,但不过分发达。肩胛骨向后倾斜,与地平线呈45度角。在肩关节,肩胛骨与上臂骨之间成 大致为90度的角度。前肢彼此平行且直(到胶骨为止)。胶骨结实而柔韧,大约倾斜成20度角。前肢的长度与身躯相称。前肢的狼爪可以切除(主要根据犬主的 判断);如果保留,也不属于缺陷。足爪呈卵形,紧凑,紧密结合,且中间有毛发填补空隙。脚趾圆拱。脚垫为黑色或深褐色,脚垫深而坚硬。指甲为白色

[美国 爱斯基摩犬的后躯]

后躯角度恰当。骨盆与水平线大约呈30度角。第一节大腿非常发达。膝关节适度弯曲。飞节位置低且稳固。后骹骨直。后腿彼此平行,既 不向内弯,也不向外翻。足爪与前肢相同。狼爪不应该出现在后肢。

[美国爱斯基摩犬的被毛]

美国爱斯基摩犬拥有竖立的双层被毛,由浓厚的底毛和较长的外层披毛组成,外层披毛穿过底毛,在外层形成保护。披毛笔直,绝没有卷曲 或波浪状的现象。颈部有明显的鬃毛环绕,雄性比雌性更突出。耳朵外面覆盖着短而平滑的毛发,较长的护耳毛生长在耳朵前面开口处。口吻上的毛发短而平滑。前 肢后面长有羽状饰毛。后肢的羽状饰毛延伸到飞节。尾巴上覆盖着大量的、长长的毛发。绝对不能修剪美国爱斯基摩犬的胡须和身躯上的被毛,如果修剪了,将受到 非常严厉的处罚。唯一允许修剪的部位就是整理足爪和骹骨后面

[美国爱斯基摩犬的颜色]

通体白色是首选的颜色,尽管白色带有小块奶酪色也是允许的。对于奶酪色斑块的关注不应该超过对典型特征、结构、气质的关注。美国爱 斯基摩犬的皮肤应该是粉红色或灰色。

失格:除了白色和小块奶酪色外的任何颜色

[美国爱斯基摩犬的步态]

美国爱斯基摩犬的步态为小跑,而不是踱步。步态敏捷、粗放、且没有粘连。前躯伸展充分,后躯驱动有力。随着速度增加,美国爱斯基摩 犬趋向于单一轨迹,由于地心引力的作用,四肢向身体中心线聚拢,背部保持稳固、强健和水平。

[美国爱斯基摩犬的气质]

美国爱斯基摩犬是一种友善、警惕、且聪明的狗,尽管有点保守。他既不应该过分羞怯,也不能好斗,这样的狗在比赛中会受到严厉处罚。 在家里,他是一个非常卓越的看门狗,以警告性的吠声告知家人有陌生人来访。能保护家庭和家人,尽管他不会有咬人或攻击人的危险。美国爱斯基摩犬能很快学会 新的技能,并热衷于取悦主人。

[失格]

除了白色和小块奶酪色外的任何颜色。
兰色眼睛
高度超过19英寸或不足9英寸。

标准通过日期:1994年10月11日 (copy from baidu)
标准执行日期:1994年11月30日

[以下为美国爱斯基摩犬(American Eskimo Dog)AKC标准英文原版]

American Eskimo Dog Breed Standard


General Appearance
The American Eskimo Dog, a loving companion dog, presents a picture of strength and agility, alertness and beauty. It is a small to medium-size Nordic type dog, always white, or white with biscuit cream. The American Eskimo Dog is compactly built and well balanced, with good substance, and an alert, smooth gait. The face is Nordic type with erect triangular shaped ears, and distinctive black points (lips, nose, and eye rims). The white double coat consists of a short, dense undercoat, with a longer guard hair growing through it forming the outer coat, which is straight with no curl or wave. The coat is thicker and longer around the neck and chest forming a lion-like ruff, which is more noticeable on dogs than on bitches. The rump and hind legs down to the hocks are also covered with thicker, longer hair forming the characteristic breeches. The richly plumed tail is carried loosely on the back.

Size, Proportion, Substance
Size There are three separate size divisions of the American Eskimo Dog (all measurements are heights at withers): Toy, 9 inches to and including 12 inches; Miniature, over 12 inches to and including 15 inches; and Standard, over 15 inches to and including 19 inches. There is no preference for size within each division. Disqualification: Under 9 inches or over 19 inches. Proportion. Length of back from point of shoulder to point of buttocks is slightly greater than height at withers, an approximate 1.1 to 1 ratio. Substance. The American Eskimo Dog is strong and compactly built with adequate bone.

Head
Expression is keen, intelligent, and alert. Eyes are not fully round, but slightly oval. They should be set well apart, and not slanted, prominent or bulging. Tear stain, unless severe, is not to be faulted. Presence of tear stain should not outweigh consideration of type, structure, or temperament. Dark to medium brown is the preferred eye color. Eye rims are black to dark brown. Eyelashes are white. Faults: amber eye color or pink eye rims. Disqualification: blue eyes. Ears should conform to head size and be triangular, slightly blunt-tipped, held erect, set on high yet well apart, and blend softly with the head. Skull is slightly crowned and softly wedge-shaped, with widest breadth between the ears. The stop is well defined, although not abrupt. The muzzle is broad, with length not exceeding the length of the skull, although it may be slightly shorter. Nose pigment is black to dark brown. Lips are thin and tight, black to dark brown in color. Faults: pink nose pigment or pink lip pigment. The jaw should be strong with a full complement of close fitting teeth. The bite is scissors, or pincer.

Neck, Topline, Body
The neck is carried proudly erect, well set on, medium in length, and in a strong, graceful arch. The topline is level. The body of the American Eskimo Dog is strong and compact, but not cobby. The chest is deep and broad with well-sprung ribs. Depth of chest extends approximately to point of elbows. Slight tuck-up of belly just behind the ribs. The back is straight, broad, level, and muscular. The loin is strong and well-muscled. The American Eskimo Dog is neither too long nor too short coupled. The tail is set moderately high and reaches approximately to the point of hock when down. It is carried loosely on the back, although it may be dropped when at rest.

Forequarters
Forequarters are well angulated. The shoulder is firmly set and has adequate muscle but is not overdeveloped. The shoulder blades are well laid back and slant 45° with the horizontal. At the point of shoulder the shoulder blade forms an approximate right angle with the upper arm. The legs are parallel and straight to the pasterns. The pasterns are strong and flexible with a slant of about 20°. Length of leg in proportion to the body. Dewclaws on the front legs may be removed at the owner's discretion; if present, they are not to be faulted. Feet are oval, compact, tightly knit and well padded with hair. Toes are well arched. Pads are black to dark brown, tough and deeply cushioned. Toenails are white.

Hindquarters
Hindquarters are well angulated. The lay of the pelvis is approximately 30° to the horizontal. The upper thighs are well developed. Stifles are well bent. Hock joints are well let down and firm. The rear pasterns are straight. Legs are parallel from the rear and turn neither in nor out. Feet are as described for the front legs. Dewclaws are not present on the hind legs.

Coat
The American Eskimo Dog has a stand-off, double coat consisting of a dense undercoat and a longer coat of guard hair growing through it to form the outer coat. It is straight with no curl or wave. There is a pronounced ruff around the neck which is more noticeable on dogs than bitches. Outer part of the ear should be well covered with short, smooth hair, with longer tufts of hair growing in front of ear openings. Hair on muzzle should be short and smooth. The backs of the front legs should be well feathered, as are the rear legs down to the hock. The tail is covered profusely with long hair. THERE IS TO BE NO TRIMMING OF THE WHISKERS OR BODY COAT AND SUCH TRIMMING WILL BE SEVERELY PENALIZED. The only permissible trimming is to neaten the feet and the backs of the rear pasterns.

Color
Pure white is the preferred color, although white with biscuit cream is permissible. Presence of biscuit cream should not outweigh consideration of type, structure, or temperament. The skin of the American Eskimo Dog is pink or gray. Disqualification: any color other than white or biscuit cream.

Gait
The American Eskimo Dog shall trot, not pace. The gait is agile, bold, well balanced, and frictionless, with good forequarter reach and good hindquarter drive. As speed increases, the American Eskimo Dog will single track with the legs converging toward the center line of gravity while the back remains firm, strong, and level.

Temperament
The American Eskimo Dog is intelligent, alert, and friendly, although slightly conservative. It is never overly shy nor aggressive, and such dogs are to be severely penalized in the show ring. At home it is an excellent watchdog, sounding a warning bark to announce the arrival of any stranger. It is protective of its home and family, although it does not threaten to bite or attack people. The American Eskimo Dog learns new tasks quickly and is eager to please.

Disqualifications
Any color other than white or biscuit cream
Blue eyes
Height: under 9" or over 19"